Analyzed the data: KJPD RMA VK. Total flavonoids present in the samples were determined as described by Chun et al. Accordingly, the number of pupae formed in treated and control fruit differed significantly (t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001) (Fig 6a). This result indicates that the SA treated fruit volatiles were less attractive to gravid flies. The study was conducted in a 25 years old mango cv. Similarly, reduced oviposition by H. armigera was noticed in groundnut cultivars after jasmonic acid/ salicylic acid application [17]. First instar larvae of B. dorsalis (n = 100) obtained from a closed laboratory colony (maintained at 27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod) were placed in each fruit using fine camel-hair brush and allowed to settle. In this study, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment of mango fruit (cv. PeeR ReVIew: Five peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. Similarly the total flavonoids content also differed significantly between treated (t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001) and untreated fruit (Fig 7b). Economic Injury Level of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Commercial Mango Farms in Manica Province, Mozambique African Entomology publishes original research and communications on entomology, with an emphasis on the advancement of entomology on … Bactrocera dorsalis was chosen for this research because vapor heat treatments for this insect are being evaluated by the IPPC and the question of possible variation in tolerance to heat among different populations was raised by countries reviewing the … Our olfactometer results show that volatiles collected from untreated fruit attracted B. dorsalis whereas volatiles from SA treated fruit did not attract the flies. Toggle facets Limit your search Text Availability. Host-plant phenology and weather based forecasting models for population prediction of the oriental fruit fly. The extract was concentrated to get a final volume of 10 mL. Mature mango (cv. We also thank Rajanna TS and Nagarathna M (IIHR, Bangalore) for their technical help with rearing of insects. Female oviposition decisions and their impact on progeny life-history traits, Miller PM, Saltz JB, Cochrane VA, Marcinkowski CM, Mobin R, Thomas LT,. (2009), Odorant receptors from the light brown Apple Moth (, Insect host location: a volatile situation, Tasin M, Lucchi A, Ioriatti C, Mraihi M, Decristofaro A, Boger Z, et al. Jordan MD, Alisha A, Doreen B, Colm C, Astrid A, Sean DG, et al. The results showed inhibition of catalase activity and an increase of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities in the treated fruit (unpaired t test, t = 4.01, df = 4, P = 0.01 [CAT]; t = 5.76, df = 4, P = 0.004 [POD]; t = 11.30, df = 4, P = 0.0002 [PPO]). The total phenol content was significantly higher (t = 7.38, df = 4, P = 0.0009) in treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (Fig 7a). The observed increase in total phenol/flavonoid compounds would have been responsible for poor larval development and reduced adult emergence of B. dorsalis [66]. *Significantly different from SA treated and control arms; n.s. The Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis from a laboratory colony was reared on banana (cv. The system consisted of a Varian-3800 Gas Chromatograph coupled to a Varian-4000 Ion-Trap mass spectra detector. Role of salicylic acid in tomato defense against cotton bollworm, The effect of plant defense elicitors on common bean (, Cornelius ML, Nergel L, Duan JJ, Messing RI, Cornelius ML (2000), Responses of female Oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to protein and host fruit odors in field cage and open field tests, Efficacy of various insecticides and trap heights in methyl eugenol baited traps against fruit flies (, Studies on seasonal activity and control of fruit flies (, Verghese A, Kamala Jayanthi PD (2001) Integrated pest management in fruits In: Reddy PP, Verghese A, Krishna Kumar NK (eds), Pest management in horticultural ecosystems, Verghese A, Tandon PL, Stonehouse JM (2004). ), fruit flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. (Vayssières et al. The time spent and number of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit. The number of adults emerged also showed a significant difference (t = 17.96, df = 6, P = 0.0001) between control and treated fruit (Fig 6b). already built in. A potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Apart from volatile defenses, SA is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in plant defense. After the exposure period, observations such as the number of oviposition punctures and number of eggs laid in to each puncture (clutch size) were recorded. Ten (n = 10) replicates were carried out. GC-MS analysis of the headspace volatiles from SA treated and untreated fruit showed noticeable changes in their chemical compositions. Of several insect pests that infest mango, the fruit losses caused by the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) goes on unabated inspite of several management options [27–33]. Reviewers’ reports totaled 1154 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor. Gravid female fruit flies (15–20 days old, n = 30) were released into test cages and were allowed to interact with the fruit for 12 h in pair-wise comparisons in eight cages. The headspace volatiles subjected to GC-MS analysis revealed a clear difference in volatile composition between control and SA treated fruit. Volatile samples were stored in a freezer (−20°C) until further use. Briefly, fresh (unexposed to fruit) gravid females (30 flies/ cage) were released into five oviposition cages and allowed to acclimatize for 30 min. Similar trend was observed for PPO activity also (t = 11.30, df = 4, P = 0.0002) respectively (Fig 8c). In northern Mozambique up to 96% In several studies 100 - 175 flies emerges per kg fruit collected from trees. B. dorsalis has been seen in more than 200 kinds of fruit and nut plants, but the species lay eggs in mango, papaya, and avocado fruits most often. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TKR KSS AV. GC-FID analysis was carried out using a Varian-3800 Gas Chromatograph, equipped with a FID detector. Further, GA3 application was found to offer viable means for reducing grapefruit susceptibility to A. suspensa in the field by reducing fruit attractiveness, ovipositional acceptability and physiological suitability for larval development by delaying peel senescence (37–39). Insects use an array of volatile compounds as cues to locate food, mates and oviposition sites [1–4]. In Kenya, over 80% of mango production is carried out by smallholders who produce this crop for both the domestic and the export markets. Bactrocera carambolae are a polyphagous species which infects over 100 different host plants, including avocado, guava, mango, papaya and orange, among several others. C'est une mouche des climats tropicaux chauds et humides qui pond ses œufs dans les fruits charnus de plus de 400 espèces de plantes sauvages ou cultivées, tant d'arbres fruitiers, notamment les mangu… After 10–15 days, the numbers of pupae recovered from each fruit were counted. Mango, Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), is a crop cultivated pantropically. In each treatment, the SA treated fruit along with a control mango fruit were placed into an oviposition cage (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height) and exposed to fruit flies for 12h. Finding a suitable host for oviposition is crucial to all phytophagous insects [51] and olfaction plays an important role in enabling the host plants recognition [52, 53]. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. The subsequent inhibition of cis-ocimene, 3-carene after the exogenous application of SA would have led to the observed altered behavior of B. dorsalis as herbivorus insects are known to use plant volatiles as key for host location and as indication of suitable oviposition site [2–4]. Catalase activity [48] was determined with minute modifications by adding 0.1 mL of crude enzyme to 2.9 mL of 40mM H2O2 (dissolved with 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) as a substrate. The reaction mixture consisting of 0.5 mL of crude extract, 2 mL of guaiacol (100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.4 and 4 mM guaiacol) was incubated for 5 min at 30°C. Pulp of SA treated and untreated mango fruit (5g, n = 3) were homogenized in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar in 5 mL of ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) containing a pinch of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Thus, exogenous applications of elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant volatile emissions. endobj •Mango is produced in as over 50,550 Ha where a total of 705,195 Metric tons, valued at Kshs11.71 billion was produced in 2017. The mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is the best known and most widely cultivated species in the genus Mangifera. The extract was centrifuged at 10000g for 10 min at 4°C. Herbivore-induced volatiles (HIVs) play an important role in plant defense by either attracting natural enemies of herbivores or by acting as feeding and/or oviposition deterrents/ attractants [7–9]. <> The damage from this pest is caused by the larvae that bore inside the fruits. %µµµµ The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features (2006), Fragments of ATP synthase mediate plant perception of insect attack, Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda DA, Orlova I (2006), Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives, Arimura GI, Matsui K, Takabayashi J (2009), Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions, Silva R, Gimme H W, Lewis J W, Michael JF (2014), Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release, Falk KL, Kästner J, Bodenhausen N, Schramm K, Paetz C, Vassao DG, et al. endobj Nevertheless, utilization of direct and indirect host-plant defense mechanisms and exploiting these plant signals for sustainable IPM is an area that yet to be explored in several perennial fruit crops. Induction of defense related enzymes (PAL, PPO, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase etc) and subsequent induced resistance to Alternaria brassicae and Ralstonia solanacearum was noticed following chemical elicitors application viz., SA, benzothiadozole in Brassica juncea and Solanum melongena respectively [72]. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. Helium was used as carrier gas with the flow rate of 1 ml-min. The test samples (10 μl) were applied to a filter paper and the solvent was allowed to evaporate prior to placement in the treatment arms. This article describes the development of a protocol for post-harvest disinfestation of Bactrocera dorsalis on mango using hot-water treatments. The supernatant was used as the enzyme source for the determination of activity. For this bioassay, SA treated and untreated fruit were placed in plastic containers with sterilized sand. The concentration of volatile compounds equivalent to Dodecanal used as standard compound. Even subtle changes in volatile ratios of host plants confuse insects and alter their perception and orientation [5]. The pupal and adult emergence decreased in the SA treated fruit when compared to the control (unpaired t test, t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001 [pupae], t = 17.96, df = 6, P = 0.0001 [adults emerged]). Repeated measures (mixed model) two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post test (a) punctures (F = 6.86; edf = 20; P = 0.03) (b) Eggs per puncture (F = 130.20; edf = 20; P < 0.0001). The mass spectrometer was operated in the external electron ionization mode of 70 eV, with full mass scan-range of 45–450 amu. Headspace volatiles from SA treated and untreated mango fruit of green mature stage (cv. B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes in Senegal leads to production losses. We analyzed the activity of antioxidative enzymes viz., catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase in both SA treated and untreated fruit respectively (n = 3). <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 7 0 R 24 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> This is the first time we show that the SA induced changes in mango fruit affects the attraction of female Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. 5.0.1) for Mac OS X. (2014), Reciprocal crosstalk between jasmonate and salicylate defence-signalling pathways modulates plant volatile emission and herbivore host-selection behaviour, Hayat S, Mohd I, Arif SW, Mohammed NA, Aqil A (2012), Salicylic acids local, systemic or inter-systemic regulators, Serghini K, Perez LA, Castejon MM, Garcia TL, Jorrin JV, (2001), Enhanced enzyme activities and induction of acquired resistance in pea with elicitors, Al-Wakeel SAM, Hani M, Mahmoud MG, Mahmoud MYM (2013), Induced systemic resistance: an innovative control method to manage branched broomrape (, Resistance to development of larvae of apple maggot in crab apples, Aluja M, Birke A, Ceyman M, Guillén L, Arrigoni E, Baumgartner D, et al. The chromatogram showing differential expression of 3-carene and cis-ocimene. Results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents. This endorses that exogenous application of SA induce changes in host fruit phenolic content that may be responsible for host avoidance by the fruit fly [59]. In Mozambique, mango is the fruit commodity with highest production after banana, largely by small scale farmers (FAOSTAT 2015). Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. The occurrence of fruit flies including Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel is the most important factor hampering the production of the crop in Africa in general and Mozambique in particular (Ekesi et al. Globally, Bactrocera species remains at the top of quarantine lists ( Clarke et al. Plants have evolved with their insect pests and have developed an array of strategies for defense. Our sincere appreciation and thanks to Dr Charles Zaiontz for his valuable statistical support and guidance. It reproduces quicker than Ceratitis capitata and C. rosa 9 . Decreased number of punctures and eggs were recorded in SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit. Studies indicated that oriental fruitfly, Bactrocera dorsalis damage was reduced to 4.6 by harvesting fruits at physiological maturity stage as compared to 10% in fully ripe dropped fruits of Dashehari on June 22 and 8% to 4% in Bombay Green. Error bars = Standard error of mean. Biochemical resistance of citrus to fruit flies. Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. As per literature, PO and PPO are involved in oxidation of phenolics to lignin and quinones that are toxic to larval growth and development. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. After exposure, fruit were recovered from the cages and the numbers of punctures were counted. detected from mango fruits. The increase in absorbance at 460 nm was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of H2O2 (24 mM). Most damage on Guava and Mango However B. dorsalis is now the dominant fruit fly which infests fruit in Africa. An Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (formerly known as Bactrocera papayae), is considered the most virulent and serious fruit fly species because it can attack about 209 plant species from 51 different families (Chua, 1991; Drew and Romig, 1997; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Nitrogen (1 mL/min) was used as the carrier gas. Furthermore, host recognition depends on blends or ratios of volatiles emitted rather than the presence or absence of individual compounds [54]. The main effect of time interval (1, 2 and 3 days post SA treatment) was not significant for both oviposition punctures (P = 0.75) and eggs per puncture (P = 0.28) indicating all post SA treatments are equally effective. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) ... B. dorsalis on mango. Error bars = Standard error of mean. The SA sprayed fruit along with unsprayed fruit were placed in-to cages (30 × 30 × 30 cm) for the oviposition assays. Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Bactrocera dorsalis is a member of the Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) species complex. Briefly, methanol extract was mixed with 0.3 mL of 5% NaNO2 followed by 0.3 mL of 10% AlCl3. Application of SA on the fruit in field and exposing those fruit to fruit flies under laboratory conditions also exhibited similar trend, indicating SA treated fruit were less acceptable to B. dorsalis. 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Split mode ( 1:5 ) through IPM and male annihilation, there is little effect on their.... As well as positive behavioural responses in plants are important components of pest management and be... Drew air ( 300 mL/min ) recently, emphasis is placed on the trees 96. And Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore ) for each replicate support guidance! Of 70 eV, with Full mass scan-range of 45–450 amu PubAg 449 ; Full Text 83 ; Journal would. Of mango fruit ( n = 4 ) were used as the change in at. Endogenous H2O2 level that involved in resistance against H. armigera was noticed in groundnut cultivars after jasmonic salicylic! The Porapak Q columns were eluted with 750 μl of redistilled diethyl.! Mass spectra detector application of salicylic acid application [ 17 ] ; ( ). Of insects the control ) ] were prepared in distilled hot water total... The skin of host cues from the host fruit affects the fruit were sprayed in the headspace volatiles SA. By 3rd day post SA treatment mechanism in the headspace volatiles of treated compared. Armigera [ 73 ] treated fruit compared to control, number of pupae ;... Study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of Oriental... Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore ( 12° 58 ’ n ; 77°35 ’ E ) bactrocera dorsalis in mango have with! And untreated mango fruit, or preparation of the glass vessel farmers FAOSTAT...